Feed nutrients
Carbon, nitrogen, minerals and other nutrients support growth.
Fermentation
Temperature, oxygen and pH are managed as cells multiply.
Harvest biomass
Cells are separated from the fermentation liquid.
Open the cells
Mechanical, thermal or enzymatic processing makes proteins accessible.
Separate & concentrate
Filtration and purification increase protein concentration.
Dry
Concentrated material becomes a stable food ingredient.
There is no single universal process
Manufacturers choose different organisms, feedstocks, cell-opening techniques and purification steps. Those choices can affect flavor, color, purity, protein concentration, digestibility, economics and environmental performance.